[AUTHENTICITY CERTIFIED: Text version below transcribed directly from audio]
Mr. President, Mr. Secretary
General, fellow delegates, ladies and gentlemen: It is a great honor for
me to be here today. I would like to talk to you about a subject that is
at the heart of the United Nations -- the pursuit of peace in an
imperfect world.
War and conflict have been with us since the beginning of civilizations.
But in the first part of the 20th century, the advance of modern
weaponry led to death on a staggering scale. It was this killing that
compelled the founders of this body to build an institution that was
focused not just on ending one war, but on averting others; a union of
sovereign states that would seek to prevent conflict, while also
addressing its causes.
No American did more to pursue this objective than President Franklin
Roosevelt. He knew that a victory in war was not enough. As he said at
one of the very first meetings on the founding of the United Nations,
“We have got to make, not merely peace, but a peace that will last.”
The men and women who built this institution understood that peace is
more than just the absence of war. A lasting peace -- for nations and
for individuals -- depends on a sense of justice and opportunity, of
dignity and freedom. It depends on struggle and sacrifice, on
compromise, and on a sense of common humanity.
One delegate to the San Francisco Conference that led to the creation of
the United Nations put it well: “Many people,” she said, “have talked as
if all that has to be done to get peace was to say loudly and frequently
that we loved peace and we hated war. Now we have learned that no matter
how much we love peace and hate war, we cannot avoid having war brought
upon us if there are convulsions in other parts of the world.”
The fact is peace is hard. But our people demand it. Over nearly seven
decades, even as the United Nations helped avert a third world war, we
still live in a world scarred by conflict and plagued by poverty. Even
as we proclaim our love for peace and our hatred of war, there are still
convulsions in our world that endanger us all.
I took office at a time of two wars for the United States. Moreover, the
violent extremists who drew us into war in the first place -- Osama bin
Laden, and his al Qaeda organization -- remained at large. Today, we've
set a new direction.
At the end of this year, America’s military operation in Iraq will be
over. We will have a normal relationship with a sovereign nation that is
a member of the community of nations. That equal partnership will be
strengthened by our support for Iraq -- for its government and for its
security forces, for its people and for their aspirations.
As we end the war in Iraq, the United States and our coalition partners
have begun a transition in Afghanistan. Between now and 2014, an
increasingly capable Afghan government and security forces will step
forward to take responsibility for the future of their country. As they
do, we are drawing down our own forces, while building an enduring
partnership with the Afghan people.
So let there be no doubt: The tide of war is receding. When I took
office, roughly 180,000 Americans were serving in Iraq and Afghanistan.
By the end of this year, that number will be cut in half, and it will
continue to decline. This is critical for the sovereignty of Iraq and
Afghanistan. It’s also critical to the strength of the United States as
we build our nation at home.
Moreover, we are poised to
end these wars from a position of strength. Ten years ago, there was an
open wound and twisted steel, a broken heart in the center of this city.
Today, as a new tower is rising at Ground Zero, it symbolizes New York’s
renewal, even as al Qaeda is under more pressure than ever before. Its
leadership has been degraded. And Osama bin Laden, a man who murdered
thousands of people from dozens of countries, will never endanger the
peace of the world again.
So, yes, this has been a difficult decade. But today, we stand at a
crossroads of history with the chance to move decisively in the
direction of peace. To do so, we must return to the wisdom of those who
created this institution. The United Nations’ Founding Charter calls
upon us, "to unite our strength to maintain international peace and
security." And Article 1 of this General Assembly’s Universal
Declaration of Human Rights reminds us that, "All human beings are born
free and equal in dignity and in rights." Those bedrock beliefs -- in
the responsibility of states, and the rights of men and women -- must be
our guide.
And in that effort, we have reason to hope. This year has been a time of
extraordinary transformation. More nations have stepped forward to
maintain international peace and security. And more individuals are
claiming their universal right to live in freedom and dignity.
Think about it: One year ago, when we met here in New York, the prospect
of a successful referendum in South Sudan was in doubt. But the
international community overcame old divisions to support the agreement
that had been negotiated to give South Sudan self-determination. And
last summer, as a new flag went up in Juba, former soldiers laid down
their arms, men and women wept with joy, and children finally knew the
promise of looking to a future that they will shape.
One year ago, the people of Côte D’Ivoire approached a landmark
election. And when the incumbent lost, and refused to respect the
results, the world refused to look the other way. U.N. peacekeepers were
harassed, but they did not leave their posts. The Security Council, led
by the United States and Nigeria and France, came together to support
the will of the people. And Côte D’Ivoire is now governed by the man who
was elected to lead.
One year ago, the hopes of
the people of Tunisia were suppressed. But they chose the dignity of
peaceful protest over the rule of an iron fist. A vendor lit a spark
that took his own life, but he ignited a movement. In a face of a
crackdown, students spelled out the word, "freedom." The balance of fear
shifted from the ruler to those that he ruled. And now the people of
Tunisia are preparing for elections that will move them one step closer
to the democracy that they deserve.
One year ago, Egypt had known one President for nearly 30 years. But for
18 days, the eyes of the world were glued to Tahrir Square, where
Egyptians from all walks of life -- men and women, young and old, Muslim
and Christian -- demanded their universal rights. We saw in those
protesters the moral force of non-violence that has lit the world from
Delhi to Warsaw, from Selma to South Africa -- and we knew that change
had come to Egypt and to the Arab world.
One year ago, the people of Libya were ruled by the world’s longest-serving dictator. But faced with bullets and bombs and a dictator who threatened to hunt them down like rats, they showed relentless bravery. We will never forget the words of the Libyan who stood up in those early days of the revolution and said, “Our words are free now.” It’s a feeling you can’t explain. Day after day, in the face of bullets and bombs, the Libyan people refused to give back that freedom. And when they were threatened by the kind of mass atrocity that often went unchallenged in the last century, the United Nations lived up to its charter. The Security Council authorized all necessary measures to prevent a massacre. The Arab League called for this effort; Arab nations joined a NATO-led coalition that halted Qaddafi’s forces in their tracks.
In the months that followed, the will of the coalition proved unbreakable, and the will of the Libyan people could not be denied. Forty-two years of tyranny was ended in six months. From Tripoli to Misurata to Benghazi -- today, Libya is free. Yesterday, the leaders of a new Libya took their rightful place beside us, and this week, the United States is reopening our embassy in Tripoli.
This is how the
international community is supposed to work -- nations standing together
for the sake of peace and security, and individuals claiming their
rights. Now, all of us have a responsibility to support the new Libya --
the new Libyan government as they confront the challenge of turning this
moment of promise into a just and lasting peace for all Libyans.
So this has been a remarkable year. The Qaddafi regime is over. Gbagbo,
Ben Ali, Mubarak are no longer in power. Osama bin Laden is gone, and
the idea that change could only come through violence has been buried
with him. Something is happening in our world. The way things have been
is not the way that they will be. The humiliating grip of corruption and
tyranny is being pried open. Dictators are on notice. Technology is
putting power into the hands of the people. The youth are delivering a
powerful rebuke to dictatorship, and rejecting the lie that some races,
some peoples, some religions, some ethnicities do not desire democracy.
The promise written down on paper -- "all human beings are born free and
equal in dignity and rights" -- is closer at hand.
But let us remember: Peace is hard. Peace is hard. Progress can be
reversed. Prosperity comes slowly. Societies can split apart. The
measure of our success must be whether people can live in sustained
freedom, dignity, and security. And the United Nations and its member
states must do their part to support those basic aspirations. And we
have more work to do.
In Iran, we've seen a government that refuses to recognize the rights of
its own people. As we meet here today, men and women and children are
being tortured, detained and murdered by the Syrian regime. Thousands
have been killed, many during the holy time of Ramadan. Thousands more
have poured across Syria’s borders. The Syrian people have shown dignity
and courage in their pursuit of justice -- protesting peacefully,
standing silently in the streets, dying for the same values that this
institution is supposed to stand for. And the question for us is clear:
Will we stand with the Syrian people, or with their oppressors?
Already, the United States has imposed strong sanctions on Syria’s
leaders. We supported a transfer of power that is responsive to the
Syrian people. And many of our allies have joined in this effort. But
for the sake of Syria -- and the peace and security of the world -- we
must speak with one voice. There's no excuse for inaction. Now is the
time for the United Nations Security Council to sanction the Syrian
regime, and to stand with the Syrian people.
Throughout the region, we will have to respond to the calls for change.
In Yemen, men, women and children gather by the thousands in towns and
city squares every day with the hope that their determination and
spilled blood will prevail over a corrupt system. America supports those
aspirations. We must work with Yemen’s neighbors and our partners around
the world to seek a path that allows for a peaceful transition of power
from President Saleh, and a movement to free and fair elections as soon
as possible.
In Bahrain, steps have been
taken toward reform and accountability. We’re pleased with that, but
more is required. America is a close friend of Bahrain, and we will
continue to call on the government and the main opposition bloc -- the
Wifaq -- to pursue a meaningful dialogue that brings peaceful change
that is responsive to the people. We believe the patriotism that binds
Bahrainis together must be more powerful than the sectarian forces that
would tear them apart. It will be hard, but it is possible.
We believe that each nation must chart its own course to fulfill the
aspirations of its people, and America does not expect to agree with
every party or person who expresses themselves politically. But we will
always stand up for the universal rights that were embraced by this
Assembly. Those rights depend on elections that are free and fair; on
governance that is transparent and accountable; respect for the rights
of women and minorities; justice that is equal and fair. That is what
our people deserve. Those are the elements of peace that can last.
Moreover, the United States will continue to support those nations that
transition to democracy -- with greater trade and investment -- so that
freedom is followed by opportunity. We will pursue a deeper engagement
with governments, but also with civil society -- students and
entrepreneurs, political parties and the press. We have banned those who
abuse human rights from traveling to our country. And we’ve sanctioned
those who trample on human rights abroad. And we will always serve as a
voice for those who've been silenced.
Now, I know, particularly this week, that for many in this hall, there's one issue that stands as a test for these principles and a test for American foreign policy, and that is the conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
One year ago, I stood at
this podium and I called for an independent Palestine. I believed then,
and I believe now, that the Palestinian people deserve a state of their
own. But what I also said is that a genuine peace can only be realized
between the Israelis and the Palestinians themselves. One year later,
despite extensive efforts by America and others, the parties have not
bridged their differences. Faced with this stalemate, I put forward a
new basis for negotiations in May of this year. That basis is clear.
It’s well known to all of us here. Israelis must know that any agreement
provides assurances for their security. Palestinians deserve to know the
territorial basis of their state.
Now, I know that many are frustrated by the lack of progress. I assure
you, so am I. But the question isn’t the goal that we seek -- the
question is how do we reach that goal. And I am convinced that there is
no short cut to the end of a conflict that has endured for decades.
Peace is hard work. Peace will not come through statements and
resolutions at the United Nations -- if it were that easy, it would have
been accomplished by now. Ultimately, it is the Israelis and the
Palestinians who must live side by side. Ultimately, it is the Israelis
and the Palestinians -- not us -- who must reach agreement on the issues
that divide them: on borders and on security, on refugees and Jerusalem.
Ultimately, peace depends upon compromise among people who must live
together long after our speeches are over, long after our votes have
been tallied. That’s the lesson of Northern Ireland, where ancient
antagonists bridged their differences. That’s the lesson of Sudan, where
a negotiated settlement led to an independent state. And that is and
will be the path to a Palestinian state -- negotiations between the
parties.
We seek a future where Palestinians live in a sovereign state of their
own, with no limit to what they can achieve. There’s no question that
the Palestinians have seen that vision delayed for too long. It is
precisely because we believe so strongly in the aspirations of the
Palestinian people that America has invested so much time and so much
effort in the building of a Palestinian state, and the negotiations that
can deliver a Palestinian state.
But understand this as well: America’s commitment to Israel’s security
is unshakeable. Our friendship with Israel is deep and enduring. And so
we believe that any lasting peace must acknowledge the very real
security concerns that Israel faces every single day.
Let us be honest with ourselves: Israel is surrounded by neighbors that have waged repeated wars against it. Israel’s citizens have been killed by rockets fired at their houses and suicide bombs on their buses. Israel’s children come of age knowing that throughout the region, other children are taught to hate them. Israel, a small country of less than eight million people, look out at a world where leaders of much larger nations threaten to wipe it off of the map. The Jewish people carry the burden of centuries of exile and persecution, and fresh memories of knowing that six million people were killed simply because of who they are. Those are facts. They cannot be denied.
The Jewish people have
forged a successful state in their historic homeland. Israel deserves
recognition. It deserves normal relations with its neighbors. And
friends of the Palestinians do them no favors by ignoring this truth,
just as friends of Israel must recognize the need to pursue a two-state
solution with a secure Israel next to an independent Palestine.
That is the truth -- each side has legitimate aspirations -- and that’s
part of what makes peace so hard. And the deadlock will only be broken
when each side learns to stand in the other’s shoes; each side can see
the world through the other’s eyes. That’s what we should be
encouraging. That’s what we should be promoting.
This body -- founded, as it was, out of the ashes of war and genocide, dedicated, as it is, to the dignity of every single person -- must recognize the reality that is lived by both the Palestinians and the Israelis. The measure of our actions must always be whether they advance the right of Israeli and Palestinian children to live lives of peace and security and dignity and opportunity. And we will only succeed in that effort if we can encourage the parties to sit down, to listen to each other, and to understand each other’s hopes and each other’s fears. That is the project to which America is committed. There are no shortcuts. And that is what the United Nations should be focused on in the weeks and months to come.
Now, even as we confront these challenges of conflict and revolution, we must also recognize -- we must also remind ourselves -- that peace is not just the absence of war. True peace depends on creating the opportunity that makes life worth living. And to do that, we must confront the common enemies of humanity: nuclear weapons and poverty, ignorance and disease. These forces corrode the possibility of lasting peace and together we're called upon to confront them.
To lift the specter of mass destruction, we must come together to pursue the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons. Over the last two years, we've begun to walk down that path. Since our Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, nearly 50 nations have taken steps to secure nuclear materials from terrorists and smugglers. Next March, a summit in Seoul will advance our efforts to lock down all of them. The New START Treaty between the United States and Russia will cut our deployed arsenals to the lowest level in half a century, and our nations are pursuing talks on how to achieve even deeper reductions. America will continue to work for a ban on the testing of nuclear weapons and the production of fissile material needed to make them.
And so we have begun to move in the right direction. And the United States is committed to meeting our obligations. But even as we meet our obligations, we’ve strengthened the treaties and institutions that help stop the spread of these weapons. And to do so, we must continue to hold accountable those nations that flout them.
The Iranian government cannot demonstrate that its program is peaceful. It has not met its obligations and it rejects offers that would provide it with peaceful nuclear power. North Korea has yet to take concrete steps towards abandoning its weapons and continues belligerent action against the South. There's a future of greater opportunity for the people of these nations if their governments meet their international obligations. But if they continue down a path that is outside international law, they must be met with greater pressure and isolation. That is what our commitment to peace and security demands.
To bring prosperity to our people, we must promote the growth that creates opportunity. In this effort, let us not forget that we’ve made enormous progress over the last several decades. Closed societies gave way to open markets. Innovation and entrepreneurship has transformed the way we live and the things that we do. Emerging economies from Asia to the Americas have lifted hundreds of millions of people from poverty. It’s an extraordinary achievement. And yet, three years ago, we were confronted with the worst financial crisis in eight decades. And that crisis proved a fact that has become clearer with each passing year -- our fates are interconnected. In a global economy, nations will rise, or fall, together.
And today, we confront the challenges that have followed on the heels of that crisis. Around the world recovery is still fragile. Markets remain volatile. Too many people are out of work. Too many others are struggling just to get by. We acted together to avert a depression in 2009. We must take urgent and coordinated action once more. Here in the United States, I've announced a plan to put Americans back to work and jumpstart our economy, at the same time as I’m committed to substantially reducing our deficits over time.
We stand with our European allies as they reshape their institutions and address their own fiscal challenges. For other countries, leaders face a different challenge as they shift their economy towards more self-reliance, boosting domestic demand while slowing inflation. So we will work with emerging economies that have rebounded strongly, so that rising standards of living create new markets that promote global growth. That’s what our commitment to prosperity demands.
To combat the poverty that punishes our children, we must act on the belief that freedom from want is a basic human right. The United States has made it a focus of our engagement abroad to help people to feed themselves. And today, as drought and conflict have brought famine to the Horn of Africa, our conscience calls on us to act. Together, we must continue to provide assistance, and support organizations that can reach those in need. And together, we must insist on unrestricted humanitarian access so that we can save the lives of thousands of men and women and children. Our common humanity is at stake. Let us show that the life of a child in Somalia is as precious as any other. That is what our commitment to our fellow human beings demand.
To stop disease that spreads across borders, we must strengthen our system of public health. We will continue the fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. We will focus on the health of mothers and of children. And we must come together to prevent, and detect, and fight every kind of biological danger -- whether it’s a pandemic like H1N1, or a terrorist threat, or a treatable disease.
This week, America signed an agreement with the World Health Organization to affirm our commitment to meet this challenge. And today, I urge all nations to join us in meeting the HWO’s [sic] goal of making sure all nations have core capacities to address public health emergencies in place by 2012. That is what our commitment to the health of our people demands.
To preserve our planet, we must not put off action that climate change demands. We have to tap the power of science to save those resources that are scarce. And together, we must continue our work to build on the progress made in Copenhagen and Cancun, so that all the major economies here today follow through on the commitments that were made. Together, we must work to transform the energy that powers our economies, and support others as they move down that path. That is what our commitment to the next generation demands.
And to make sure our societies reach their potential, we must allow our citizens to reach theirs. No country can afford the corruption that plagues the world like a cancer. Together, we must harness the power of open societies and open economies. That’s why we’ve partnered with countries from across the globe to launch a new partnership on open government that helps ensure accountability and helps to empower citizens. No country should deny people their rights to freedom of speech and freedom of religion, but also no country should deny people their rights because of who they love, which is why we must stand up for the rights of gays and lesbians everywhere.
And no country can realize
its potential if half its population cannot reach theirs. This week, the
United States signed a new Declaration on Women’s Participation. Next
year, we should each announce the steps we are taking to break down the
economic and political barriers that stand in the way of women and
girls. This is what our commitment to human progress demands.
I know there’s no straight line to that progress, no single path to
success. We come from different cultures, and carry with us different
histories. But let us never forget that even as we gather here as heads
of different governments, we represent citizens who share the same basic
aspirations -- to live with dignity and freedom; to get an education and
pursue opportunity; to love our families, and love and worship our God;
to live in the kind of peace that makes life worth living.
It is the nature of our imperfect world that we are forced to learn these lessons over and over again. Conflict and repression will endure so long as some people refuse to do unto others as we would have them do unto us. Yet that is precisely why we have built institutions like this -- to bind our fates together, to help us recognize ourselves in each other -- because those who came before us believed that peace is preferable to war, and freedom is preferable to suppression, and prosperity is preferable to poverty. That’s the message that comes not from capitals, but from citizens, from our people.
And when the cornerstone of this very building was put in place, President Truman came here to New York and said, "The United Nations is essentially an expression of the moral nature of man’s aspirations." The moral nature of man’s aspirations. As we live in a world that is changing at a breathtaking pace, that’s a lesson that we must never forget.
Peace is hard, but we know that it is possible. So, together, let us be resolved to see that it is defined by our hopes and not by our fears. Together, let us make peace, but a peace, most importantly, that will last.
Thank you very much.
Book/CDs by Michael E. Eidenmuller, Published by
McGraw-Hill (2008)
Text, Audio, Image Source: WhiteHouse.gov
Audio Note: AR-XE = American Rhetoric Extreme Enhancement
Copyright Status: Text, Audio, Image = Public domain.